The Leppla laboratory has three major areas of research. 1) Structure-function relationships in bacterial protein toxins and the roles of toxins and other virulence factors in contributing to bacterial pathogenesis. 2) Bacterial gene regulation, interactions of bacteria and toxins with animal cells and tissues, the effects of toxins on host physiology, and the molecular mechanisms of toxin action. 3) Use of basic-research results in the design of vaccines and therapeutics.