The Gerald Hart Laboratory discovered O-GIcNAc, a type of protein modification, present on proteins within the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells, in which a glucose-derived sugar is attached to serine or threonine side chains of proteins, exactly analogous to phosphorylation. In their recent studies, they discovered that O-GlcNAc plays an important role in diabetes and glucose toxicity, Alzhemier's disease and in the functions of oncogenes and tumor suppressors important to cancer. The Hart lab continues to focus on dynamic O-GicNAcylatino of nuclear and cytosolic proteins.