Research interests in the Zhao laboratory include: 1) Surface-Modified Water Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) for Optical Chemical Sensing, Biosensing, and Environmental Sensing. 2) Nanostructure-Assisted Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Water Splitting for Hydrogen and Oxygen Production: i) Growing and assembling PEC nanomaterials embedded in biomass (algae, cyanobacteria, silk protein, etc.)-derived 3D carbon nanostructures for hydrogen production; and ii) Synthesizing nanoscale metal/metal oxides embedded in biomass-derived carbon nanostructures for hydrogen storage. 3) Electrochemically Converting CO2 to Fuels and Nitrogen to Ammonia, and Electrochemical Splitting CO2. 4) 2D Layered Material-based Membranes for Water Purification and Water Desalination. 5) Optical Nonlinearity and Structure Relationships of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Layered Nanomaterials. 6) Development of Novel Doubly Vibrationally Enhanced (DOVE) Four Wave Mixing Spectroscopy.