The Sonenshein lab studies the regulation of gene transcription in spore-forming bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium difficile) and related Gram-positive bacteria. The key questions under investigation are the nutritional signals that the cell senses as an indication that it must move from active growth to differentiation and the molecular mechanisms by which these signals are used to control expression of specific stationary phase, sporulation and virulence genes. The potential roles of transcription factors and the spores themselves as virulence factors are being investigated for the case of antibiotic-associated colitis caused by C. difficile.